關於日本汽車製造業的概況英文版
現象Japanese firms have achieved the highest levels*3A of manufacturing efficiency in the world automobile industry*3.（判斷句，引出一種現象） 某種解釋Some observers of Japan have assumed that Japanese firms use the same manufacturing equipment and techniques as United States firms but have benefited from（類似於因果關係，後面是真正的`原因） the unique characteristics of Japanese employees and the Japanese culture. However（評價可能不好）， if this were true（虛擬語氣，表示實際上not true）（-）， then one would expect Japanese auto plants in the United States to perform no better than*2E factories run by United States companies. This is not the case（這裡用的是欲擒故縱，反證法）; Japanese-run automobile plants located in the United States and staffed by local workers have demonstrated higher levels of productivity when compared with factories owned by United States companies.另一種解釋Other observers link high Japanese productivity to higher levels of capital investment per worker. But（轉折） a historical perspective leads to a different（-） conclusion.
When the two top Japanese automobile makers matched and then doubled United States productivity levels in the mid-sixties， capital investment per employee was comparable to that of United States firms. Furthermore， by the late seventies， the amount of fixed assets required to produce one vehicle was roughly equivalent in Japan and in the United States.
Since capital investment was not higher in Japan， it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity. 第三種解釋A more fruitful（+） explanation may lie with Japanese production techniques. Japanese automobile producers did not simply implement conventional processes more effectively: they made critical changes in United States procedures*7A. For instance， the mass-production philosophy of United States automakers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars*6 in order to utilize fully expensive， component-specific*6B equipment and to occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently*8A.
Japanese automakers chose to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices， including the use of flexible equipment*8A that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers*4 in multiple jobs*4D.
Automakers could schedule the production of different components or models on single machines， thereby eliminating the need to store the buffer stocks of extra components that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to主題題（寫法性） present the major steps of a process clarify an ambiguity chronicle a dispute correct misconceptions（D） defend an accepted approach 2. The author suggests that if the observers of Japan mentioned in line 3 were correct， which of the following would be the case?虛擬語氣（反證法） The equipment used in Japanese automobile plants would be different from the equipment used in United States plants. Japanese workers would be trained to do several different production jobs.
Culture would not have an influence on the productivity levels of workers. The workers in Japanese-run plants would have higher productivity levels regardless of where they were located.（E） The production levels of Japanese-run plants located in the United States would be equal to*2E those of plants run by United States companies.