1. 首頁
  2. 其他

高中英語句子成分和句子種類

高中英語句子成分和句子種類

句子成分和結構是英語的基礎,是理解和表達英語的關鍵。英語中許多詞類都對句子成分和結構有影響。英語中的句子是由詞或短語組成的,這些詞或短語在句子中起一定的作用,叫做句子成分。下面是小編為您帶來的是高中英語句子成分和句子種類相關內容,希望對您有所幫助。

高中英語句子成分和句子種類

英語的篇章是由句子構成的,不同的內容需要不同型別的句式結構,這些句式結構又構成英語中不同的句子型別。學習英語句法的基礎是瞭解句子成分、句子的基本結構和句子種類。

I 句子成分

組成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。

句子成分包括主語、謂語、表語、賓語、同位語、定語、狀語和補足語等。

主語和謂語是句子的主體部分;

表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語和同位語等是句子的次要部分。

1. 主語:主語說明謂語動作或狀態的執行者,常用的`作主語的詞類有:名詞(短語)、代詞、 數詞、不定式(短語)、動名詞(短語)和從句。

1)名詞:The students are learning grammar.

Our teacher speaks very fast.

2)代詞:She is writing.

He likes playing tennis.

3)數詞:Five is an odd number.

Six is my favourite number.

4)不定式:To learn English well is important.

It is not easy to remember all rules.

5)動名詞:Swimming is interesting.

Learning grammar well is difficult.

6)主語從句:What I said is true.

What we can't get seems better than what we have.

2. 謂語:謂語用來描述主語的行為動作或所處的狀態。謂語的中心詞是限定動詞,有人稱、 數和時態的變化。

1)簡單謂語

動詞:He bought a dictionary yesterday.

動詞短語:He is looking for his pen.

2)複合謂語

系動詞+表語:We are students.

情態動詞+不定式:I may be wrong.

動詞+不定式:We have to do something for them.

3. 表語:表語與前面的系動詞一起構成複合謂語,用來說明主語的特徵、類屬、狀態、身 份等。充作表語的可以是單詞、短語或從句。

1)名詞:He is a doctor.

Mr. Scott is a farmer.

2)代詞:It is me.

That's something we have always to keep in mind.

3)數詞:My lucky number is nine.

She was the first to learn about it.

4)形容詞:The classroom is big.

His hair has gone white.

5)副詞:I am here.

6)介詞:We are in the classroom.

7)動名詞:My job is teaching them grammar.

= Teaching them grammar is my job.

8)分詞:The film is exciting.

Time is pressing. Let's hurry up.

9)不定式短語:My job is to teach them grammar.

All I can do is to send her a telegram.

10)表語從句:He looks as if he were going to cry.

The suggestion is that we should recite more words.

注意:名詞:身份、性質、內容。

形容詞:特點、特徵。

4. 賓語:賓語為動作的承受者。

1)名詞:He is drinking water.

I've bought an English-Chinese dictionary.

2)代詞:The teacher is talking to her.

They didn't promise him anything.

3)數詞:I like six.

I want the first.

4)動名詞:He likes watching TV.

I enjoyed working with you.

5)不定式:I want to buy a book.

My father likes to swim in winter.

6)賓語從句:He asked if he might go there.

Did you write down what she said?

注意:英語有單賓語、雙賓語、複合賓語、同源賓語等。

1)單賓語:I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please turn it up?

Please stop making noise.

Do you understand what I mean?

2)雙賓語:雙賓語指動詞後面接指人和指物的兩個賓語。

(指人的賓語叫間接賓語;指物的賓語叫直接賓語)

其結構為:主語+及物動詞(短語)+sb. + sth.

Please tell me how the accident came about.

(me為間接賓語,how從句為直接賓語)

The teacher asked me a question.

(me為間接賓語,a question為直接賓語)

當直接賓語與間接賓語位置調換時,須在間接賓語前加介詞 to/ for等。

Would you like to do me a favor?

= Would you like to do a favor for me?

3)複合賓語:“賓語+賓語補足語”構成了複合賓語,賓語與補足語之間具有 邏輯上的主謂關係。

We all find him a nice boy.

(him為賓語,a nice boy為賓語補足語)

I saw a stranger waving to me.

(a stranger為賓語,waving to me為賓語補足語)

4)同源賓語:同源賓語指由名詞擔任的能重複動詞部分或全部意思的直接賓 語,前面常有修飾語。

laugh a good laugh大笑 smile a gentle smile 微微一笑

live a happy life 過著幸福生活 die a glorious death 死得光榮 dream a beautiful dream 作美夢 sing a sweet song 唱了一首甜 美的歌 blow a heavy blow 沉重地一擊

5. 同位語:對句子中某一成分作進一步解釋、說明,與前面的詞在語法上處於同等地位的 句子成分叫做同位語。同位語常常置於被說明的詞之後。

1)名詞:Zhang Sir, our grammar teacher is humorous.

This is Mr. Zhou, director of our hospital.

2)代詞:He himself did it.

3)數詞:The year, 1988 is important.

We two will go shopping this afternoon.

4)動名詞:My task, looking after these children is important.

5)不定式:My job, to teach them grammar is hard.

6)同位語從句:I had no idea that you were here.

The suggestion that we should recite more words is useful.

6. 定語:定語是用來描述名詞或代詞的修飾語,它常和名詞構成名詞短語。

前置定語:1)名詞:I want an English-Chinese dictionary.

He has bought a grammar book.

2)代詞:This is my bag.

No difficulty whatever can stop our advance.

3)數詞:There are two policeman in the street.

Please read the first paragraph.

4)冠詞:This is a desk.

5)形容詞:I like red apples.

He gave me a vivid description of the battle.

6)動名詞:This is a sleeping car.

The swimming pool is wonderful.

後置定語:7)副詞:The students here are good.

The buildings around are of modern construction.

8)介詞:The students in the classroom are good.

The book on the desk is mine.

9)不定式:I have an apple to eat.

I have a lot of homework to do.

注意:當句子的主語是不定式動作的發出者時,不定式用主 動形式表被動。

10)定語從句:The students who are in the classroom are good.

The boy who went to the library is our monitor.

注意:是作前置定語還是後置定語取決於自身的長度。

11)分詞:現在分詞:This is a sleeping boy.

The sleeping boy is my brother.

There are some boys playing outside.

過去分詞:This is a broken glass.

She is taking care of the newly-born child.

We must solve the problems left by history.

注意:動名詞作定語,表示所修飾名詞的性質或用途。

This is a sleeping car.

= This is a car used for sleeping.

分詞作定語,表示所修飾名詞的動作或狀態。

I like the children playing on the ground.

This is a glass broken by that kid.

7. 狀語:狀語是用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或句子的一種成分。它可以表示時間、地點、 方式、比較、程度、原因、目的、結果、條件和讓步等。

Adverbial is usually used to modify a verb, an adjective, an adverb or a sentence. 英語中有十大狀語:1)時間狀語:

He is to fly to London tomorrow.

2)地點狀語:

The meeting was held in Harbin.

3)方式狀語:

The workers there are paid by the week, not by the month.

4)比較狀語:

He worked as fast as a skilled worker.

5)程度狀語:

He loves his son very much.

6)原因狀語:

Because of the warm and sunny weather, oranges grow very well here.

7)目的狀語:

We do it in this way so as to save time.

8)結果狀語:

He returned home to find his father dead.

9)條件狀語:

Without plants, animals could not live in the world.

10)讓步狀語:

In spite of all his efforts, he failed.

注意:十大狀語,九大狀語從句。程度狀語沒有狀語從句,由程 度副詞或現在分詞來擔任。

1)名詞:He will go to Japan tomorrow.

2)副詞:Liu Xiang runs fast.

3)形容詞:He got home, cold and hungry.

Unable to answer the question, he said nothing.

4)狀語從句:Since he was unable to answer the question, he said nothing. He got up early so that he might catch the morning train.

注意:當狀語從句位於主句前面時,必須有“,”

後面時,“,”可有可無

5)介詞:We are learning grammar in the classroom.

6)不定式:They went to Beijing to visit a famous writer.

They study hard to pass the examination.

7)分詞:Seeing the notice, he ran away.

Seem from the hill, the village is beautiful.

注意:分詞作狀語,其邏輯主語是句子的主語。

Settled, we began our work.

→ The question settled, we began our work.

8)獨立主格:名詞/代詞 + 名詞:He talked about friends, all stars.

形容詞:He stood there, his face red.

副詞:Class over, the students went out of the classroom.

介詞:The teacher came in, a book in his hand. 不定式短語:Much work to do, I don't think I'll have time to come and see you.

分詞:Some boys making so much noise, I couldn't study.

The question settled, we began our work.

8. 補語:補語是用來說明賓語或主語的性質、狀態等的一種句子成分。

補語分為主語補足語和賓語補足語,含有賓語補足語的句子在變為被動句時, 賓語補足語便成了主語補足語。

注意:補足語力求句意的完整,根據語意,不能隨意拿掉。

1)名詞:We call her Zhang Sir.

形式主語,邏輯上的賓語 主動語態的主語變到介詞後

注:被動語態主賓一體。

2)形容詞:The letter made him sad.

→ He was made sad by the letter.